Kotun Kolin Amurka da Ke Tsammanin Yanke Shawara Kan Makomar Kasuwannin Fare-Fare Wasanni

Tsarin shari'a na caca ta yanar gizo a Amurka yana dab da fuskantar wani gagarumin sauyi na tarihi wanda zai iya yin tasiri a duniya. Babban abin da ke faruwa shi ne, ko abin da ake kira kasuwannin hasashe (prediction markets), inda masu amfani ke cinikin kwangiloli kan sakamakon wasanni, ya kamata a sanya su a matsayin kayan hada-hadar kudi (financial derivatives) ko kuma caca ta wasanni ta gargajiya. Yayin da masu samar da sabis kamar Kalshi ke jayayya cewa kayayyakin su suna karkashin ikon Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), jihohin Amurka da kabilun gargajiya suna kallon wannan a matsayin hari ga ikon su na tsawon shekaru da dama kan dokokin caca.

Yakin shari'a ya kai wani babban mataki. Kimanin shari'o'i 80 ne ke jira a gaban kotunan jihohi da na tarayya a halin yanzu. Masana suna lura da wani yanayi mai ban sha'awa a cikin hukuncin. Yayin da kusan kashi 85 cikin 100 na shawarwarin da aka yanke ya zuwa yanzu sun saba wa kasuwannin hasashe, hukuncin manyan kotuna na baya-bayan nan ya dauki hankalin masana'antar. Wani muhimmin hukunci da Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta Third Circuit ta yanke a watan Mayu, inda aka yanke shawarar 2-1 don goyon bayan Kalshi. Wannan ya dakatar da umarnin dakatarwa na wucin gadi daga jihar New Jersey da aka bayar a watan Maris 2025.

Lambobi da gaskiya

Joe Webster, abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauyoyi na Hobbs Strauss, ya jaddada tsananin watanni 18 da suka gabata, inda jihohi, kamfanoni, da kabilu suka kai karar juna ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Babban batu shi ne fassarar Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). Mafi yawan alƙalai a Third Circuit sun bayyana cewa kwangilolin gasar wasanni kayan aikin kuɗi ne ko musaya (swaps), waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon CFTC kaɗai. Sai dai, Alƙala Jane Richards Roth ta nuna rashin amincewa mai ƙarfi a cikin ra'ayinta na daban. Ta yi jayayya cewa waɗannan kwangiloli kusan ba su da bambanci da cacar wasanni ta gargajiya don haka ya kamata su ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin dokokin caca na jiha.

A halin yanzu ana sa ran New Jersey za ta shigar da koken duba hukuncin ga Supreme Court nan da ranar 3 ga watan Satumba. Baya ga Third Circuit, akwai shari'o'i da aka riga aka shirya su a Fourth, Sixth, da Ninth Circuits. Idan wadannan kotunan suka cimma matsaya daban-daban, wanda hakan zai haifar da abin da lauyoyi ke kira rarrabuwar kawuna (circuit split), hakan yana kara yiwuwar Supreme Court za ta karbi shari'ar.

Tarihi

Ga kabilun gargajiya, akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke cikin hadari. Scott Crowell na Crowell Law Office Tribal Advocacy Group ya yi gargadin cewa amincewa da wadannan kasuwanni a matsayin kayayyakin kudi zalla zai iya rage darajar yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi fafutuka aka samu tsakanin kabilu da jihohi. Kusan shekaru 25, an fahimci cewa yin caca a yankunan Indiyawa ana sarrafa shi sosai a karkashin Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA).

„Mun rayu tsawon shekaru 25 da fahimtar cewa wasan caca guda daya tilo da zai iya faruwa a yankunan Indiyawa shi ne wasan da kabilu suka amince da shi. Don haka wannan haramtacce ne. Kotun gunduma a Wisconsin ta fadi hakan ma." - Scott Crowell, Lauya na Tribal Advocacy Group

Crowell ya yi jayayya cewa lokacin da Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Dodd-Frank a 2010, ba ta yi niyyar hana dokoki da dama da suka shafi tsarin caca na jihohi da na al'ummai ba. A gefe guda kuma, kasuwannin hasashen suna kokarin amfani da kaidar hana yin tasiri ta tarayya don gujewa bukatun lasisin jihohi, haraji, da kuma dokokin kare mabukaci.

Me yasa yake da mahimmanci ga 'yan wasan Jamusanci

Ga 'yan wasan Jamusanci da suke tsananin bin kaidojin doka, lamarin ya kasance a fili. A Jamus, yanayin doka ba shi da rudani saboda Yarjejeniyar Jihohi kan Hada-hadar Caca ta 2021 (GlüStV 2021). Duk wani nau'in cinikin wasanni ko kuma hada-hadar caca kan abubuwan da suka faru yana buƙatar lasisin Jamusanci. Hukumar Haɗin Kan Jihohi Kan Caca (GGL) tana kula da abin da ake kira jerin sunayen da aka yarda, wanda ke jera duk masu bayarwa na doka.

Babban bambanci daga kasuwannin hasashen na Amurka shi ne kare 'yan wasan Jamusanci. A Jamus, akwai iyakoki masu tsauri, kamar iyakar ajiya ta wata-wata ta Yuro 1,000 ta tsarin LUGAS da kuma iyakar fare ta Yuro 1 ga kowane zagaye don wuraren zare kudi na wucin gadi. Duk muddin mai bayarwa ba shi da lasisin GGL, tayin ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Jamus. Duk da haka, rigimar doka ta Amurka ta nuna muhimmancin rarrabuwa mai kyau tsakanin cinikin kuɗi da caca don hana tsarin tsari ya lalace. Ya kamata 'yan wasan Jamusanci su guji tayin da ba su da hatimin GGL, saboda ba a tabbatar da tsaron biya ko kuma kare bayanai bisa ga ka'idojin Jamusanci a can.

Abin da ke nufi ga gidajen caca masu lasisin GGL

Ga gidajen caca da masu bayarwa na cinikin wasanni na Jamus da aka ba lasisi, muhawarar Amurka tana wakiltar tabbacin matsayinsu na kasuwa mai tsari. Idan dandamalin jigilar kuɗi zai iya ba da cinikin wasanni ba tare da haraji na yau da kullun da kuma gudummawar zamantakewa ba, to za a samu matsala mai tsanani ta gasa. Masu bayarwa na Jamus suna saka hannun jari mai yawa wajen cika GlüStV 2021. Sauƙaƙe ma'anar caca, kamar yadda aka tattauna a Amurka, na iya haifar da kira a Turai don sabbin hanyoyin tsari don samfurori masu gauraya. A halin yanzu, duk da haka, GGL tana tabbatar da cewa irin waɗannan samfurori na kasuwar launin toka ba su sami damar shiga kasuwar ba bisa ka'ida ba.